Requirements and source control of beef. (2024)

Water as a nutrient

Water is the most common nutrient in the body and a critical nutrient for all classes of beef.Body functions in cattle.

Requirements for Veewater and intake

Requirements and consumption of livestock water depend on a number of factors, including air temperature, humidity level, water temperature, milk production, pregnancy status, physical activity, growth rate, animal size, breed, nutrition type, humidity level in diet, salt intake and dry matter intake.Adjust hot, dry conditions and it is better to resist water shortage in the short term than other breeds.

Ambient temperature

Seasonal differences in water intake occur.And half a time.5.8 Gallon Water Powdag, when the temperature is 70ºF. Day, when the temperature reaches 90ºF.

Levels with high humidity are common in Mississippi.

Water estimates of beef growth (gallon) with different weights and temperatures.

Post -treatment of estimates of a lot of water (gallon) with different weights and temperatures.

Estimates of pregnant cow water intake (gallons) at different temperatures.

Breastfeeding estimates of cow water intake (gallon) at different temperatures.

Estimates of adult estimates of bull water (gallons) with different weights and temperatures.

¹More data not available.

Adapted from NRC (2000).

Temperature relative humidity (%) index.

Adapted from LCI (1970).

Normal: <74, alarm: 75-78, danger: 79-83, Emergency> 84.

Loss on body water

Everything that influences the loss of body water increases the requirements of a calf for water intake.Cattle lose water due to urine, faeces, sweat (to a limited extent) and by evaporating the lungs and the skin influences water loss in faeces;High in mineral content results in a higher production of fecal water.

Livestock cannot adapt well to the water restriction..

Other sources of water than drink

Not all the water must come from drinking.Kuiluil generally contains large amounts of water, while hay and feed pellets tend to contain lower amounts of water.Free food can be approximately.75 percent water during feeding in the form of hay can be closer to 10 percent water.Furblies provide more body water during digestion than nutrients with little energy.

Water temperature

Water temperature has been identified that influences animals for water.The temperatures were below 77 ° F. This raised water intake is often associated with improved feed intake and an increase in cattle weight (there are also production benefits for maintaining cool drinking water supply for cattle.)

Most groundwater supplies for veice surgery are naturally cool.Ponds can be a concern.Morning hours, then search for water and ultimately search for shade or graze less intensively in hot afternoon hours.

Water source

Both the availability of water and quality are important for maintaining sufficient water inlet.650 to 1,000 feet of all parts of the grass for an optimal uniformity of grazing.

A problem of waterers' waters is that Jet -oriented processes become areas of high traffic that is subject to tramping and concentration of nutrients of fertilizers and urine.Requirements from existing water sources relatively quickly and easily.

Examples of strategic water placement in intensive grazing systems

Recently upcoming feeder or calves, the placement of the water must be in receiving pens along a fence line, so that calves find water drying while walking on the perimeter of the pen.After arrival.Let Waterers also help by getting a calf attention to water sources.

Water stock

Groundwater springs for cattle include ponds, lakes, streams and stream wells, sources and water supplies in the local community can supply livestock irrigation.Municipal water sources.

A continuous supply of clean water is essential for cattle.When streams, creeks, sources or ponds are used as water sources for cattle, it is important to assess the reliability and quality of these water stocks.Ponds experience low water levels.

Check how much water you or your cattle are taking out and creek, so that your water consumption has no influence on the neighbors downstream.or shared waters.

Water tanks are another option to offer drinking water.Are unable to keep track of water consumption.

If the water tank is emptied sufficiently, cattle that try to drink may be possible to move or damage the tank.In some cases the swimmer can be protected against cattle to prevent damage or a crowded trough.The water supply.

Livestock is collected around water sources, especially if they are in shady areas in warm weather.

Geotextile garnished with gravel, concrete money laundering or something similar can offer a sturdy, stable surface for cattle around water troughs., So cattle have room to place their fork on the raised water block, but not their hind legs.

Surface water source before livestock.

Example of water descendants for cattle.

Provide drought and warm weather

Periods of drought and extensive hot weather can lead to reduced surface water supply.Also earn as breeding areas for mosquitoes.

Livestock often tries to cool off by standing in ponds and streams.Spending the time more time in the afternoon, often the hottest part of the day.In earlags you can transfer to water supply when cattle in surface water sources can be permitted.

In order to minimize water quality problems, manufacturers can limit access points to groundwater resources and create power transitions that treat high livestock rates with a minimum impact on water quality.Spend time near or in flows when the power access is limited.

The visibility of the float in this water tank indicates a suitable water level in the tank.

Care for winter weather

In the southeast of the United States, freezing water descending is not a major problem.Is usually slower for defrosting than water stocks.Boilers in freezing temperatures.

Water quality and pollution problems

Water sources can be contaminated to the point that the performance or health of the animal is affected.1,000 gallon water.This delivers 3 to 5 ppm chlorine to the water, which must be acceptable for cattle for drinking and checking the bacterial growth in the water.In 15 minutes.Turn the tank and fall with water.

Livestock is sensitive to water aromas and smells and drinks may not be much less palatable water.Quality.Physical damage (such as soil erosion) to stream banks and water areas.

Location of a trough on a concrete cushion with bottom erosion and grass damage that occurs around the bottom of the pillow.

Water brone effects on water quality

Water source can have a significant impact on water quality for livestock farming.Water serves as a carrier.

Researchers have documented a 9 percent higher weight gain in nursing calves, where the drinking water from the cow calves came from a trough compared to the direct drinking of cattle from a pond.From 16 to 19 percent in weight. Day compared to untreated water that is used directly from a pond.and potentially increased water and food consumption as a result thereof.Livestock drinks directly from the pond, spent less time grazing and more time to rest than those who drank all other water treatments, which suggested that the feeding of the feed had fallen when damage.

Vand pH

PH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity.Water with a pH of less than 5.5 can cause acidosis in cattle and lead to reduced feed intake and performance.

Totally dissolved solids (TDs) and salt content

Totally dissolved solids are a measure of all components dissolved in water. Million (PPM) or more, of dissolved solids (such as salt) can lower beef food and daily profit.

Putten in the coastal area of the Southeast United States are usually where high TDS levels are found in water supply.Water for cattle in the aftermath of these storms, and carefully observe cattle for signs of dehydration.Necessary, such as toxicity problems with specific minerals, pesticides blue -green algae growth.

Under specific circ*mstances, water can contain levels of minerals that may be toxic to cattle.Iron and manganese can reduce the intake of water from the cattle by causing a bad taste and odor.Will take processed of salt-restricted proteins and mineral supplements.

The tolerance level of salt (sodium chloride) in drinking water of beef is between 1 and 2 percent salt.In the time it turned out that it was more sensitive in the summer in the summer.For cattle.About salt toxicity, they are similar to those with dehydration or lack of water, where serious anorexia, diarrhea and weight loss are visible.Water may have disappeared and boring.

Nitrager

Nitrates in drinking water are one of the most common problems with water quality in southeastern American beef operations.Pollution with nitrates becomes even more serious concern when feeding or food supplies contain high levels of nitrates and when the water level in surface ponds withdraws during drought and concentrate levels.Can contribute to nitrate poisoning.

Nitrates are converted into cattle nitrites and can disrupt oxygen transport in the nitrite form.Drinking water More than 300 ppm is generally considered unsafe.

Sulphates

During periods of more than 1 week, high -sulfate water results in reduced food consumption, reduced weight gain, shed, fabric separation and suboptimal production.Concentrations of sulphate in water can be more extreme for younger cattle and with high environmental temperatures. Liters can have a negative influence on calves.

Water sulphate sources include sodium, magnesium, calcium and iron sulphate, all of which work as laxatives.My sodium sulfate is the strongest laxative, cattle can become resistant to laxative effects after a few weeks.To reduce sulphate concentrations of 2,500 to 3,000 mg of sulfate per year. Liters and continue to decrease when sulfate concentrations rise beyond these levels.Other sulphate forms.The maximum acceptable concentration of sulfur for cattle is 0.4 percent on a dry matter.

Micro -organismen

Bacteria, viruses and parasites are regularly found in ponds and other surface water resources that collect drainage of a source of fertilizers or that give direct access to cattle..

Coli forms are bacteria that usually inhabited the digestive channels in humans, cattle and other animals. Milliliters (ML) .10 ml of water, with the lower end of this interval for calves and the higher end of ripe cattle.

Blue green algae

Blue -green algae are bacteria that, under certain circ*mstances, can produce toxins such as nerve toxins and liver toxins that can kill cattle quickly.Bloody diarrhea are signs of liver oxins that survive blue -green algae poisoning, become chronically poor doors and develop opportunity sensitization (increased risk of sunscreen contact for treatment options if you suspect

Enrichment of nutrients of surface water can lead to growth with blue vultures (cyanobacteria), which can be a problem with water quality.Blue -green algae growth, so the summer is the season, where these algae probably appear in the water supply of the cattle.

Blue -green algae cannot be picked by hand from the water as green algae.Or elimination of access to cattle for polluted water and offering an alternative water source are methods for combating blue -green algae problems.The intake of blue -green algentoxins is minimal.

Copper sulphate (an algaecide that is also called blue stone) can be added to water sources contaminated with blue -green algae, where the growth of algae is dramatic or problems with toxicity occur.-3 weeks.Copper mirrors.The maximum acceptable level of copper sulphate in water is 2.7 (sheep) and 6.8 (cattle) pound buyer sulphate per day. Aacre foot water.

Cv

Water is the most important nutrient for cattle.Water for factors can help to diagnose suspected problems.Producers can manage strategic water sources to guarantee the needs of cattle, promote the efficiency of water consumption and limit the environmental effects.Information, contact your local MSU Extension Office.

References

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The information provided here is only for educational purposes.

Publication 2409(POD-04-22)

Revised byBrandi Karisch, PhD, Associated Expansion/Research Professor, Animal and Dairy Science.Jane A. Parish, PhD, Professor and Chef, North Mississippi Research and Extension Center;and Justin D. Rhinehart, PhD, former assistant -expansion Professor.