Published: 01/05/2022
Last updated: 17/04/2024
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Guidelines for good vaccination practice are written byUwe Truyen,,Maria Grazia Pennisiet al ..
Preamble
"To vaccinate as many cats as possible, but the individual cat only as often as necessary" is the motto that has been established worldwide and will and will remain the philosophy of ABCD.
Although an annual vaccination plan was originally assumed, which was originally assumed in cats, three -year vaccination (ie with three intervals of year) has been recommended for some vaccinconents for several years.A person is recommended vaccination plan tailored to the risk in the cat and antibody status if possible (see also ABCD guidelines for vaccination and antibody testsHER) and evaluated under an annual health control.
In addition to the vaccination plan, various other factors are crucial for the success of vaccination, such as the induction of a protective immune response.
This guideline recommends practice to guarantee maximum vaccination efficiency.
Factors that influence vaccination efficiency can be defined at different levels: the cat, vaccine, use of the vaccine, vaccination documentation, vaccination plan and adverse vaccination effects.
Cats
Vaccination
Educational suggestions to improve compliance with the owner of the vaccination plan
To vaccinate as many cats as possible This includes care for preventive health care controls and vaccinations (Freiwald et al., 2014; Gates et al., 2019; one of the reasons that are reported by cat owners to avoid veterinary visits is the need for muchCats are seen through their house, breathe, scratching, vomiting and urinating are common manifestations that take place during the transport of a cat in a vet in households.Different cat can prevent aggression from other cats to get used to their cats in the house and also to transport their cats in the car from a young age and regularly, as well as dog owners with their puppies to bring them to the vets for treatations, to be received toys and pampering (Riemer et al., 2021).Trore -products for owners in preparation for veterinary visits are availableonlineFrom charities such as international cat care.
Preventive spraying of the interior of a carrier with a synthetic cat-face feromon product can help reduce stress-related behavior in cats during transport., especially in cats with higher cats, stress results were found (SHU and GU, 2021).Single Oral Todumming of Merices Toiling (EGS in Gabapentine or Pregabaline) was also able to reduce signs of fear in cats during transport (Van Haaften et al., 2017; and at present their use must be used limited to frightened individuals.
On the veterinary practice side, veterinarians and veterinary nurses and associated employees must be prepared to reduce the stress associated with veterinary visits in cats and promote positive associations;Environment, including the use of a cat fraction production product on the clinic study table to reduce stress (Pereira et al., 2016; Rodan et al., 2011).For all parties involved: the cat, owner and veterinary team (Riemer Al., 2021) and will prefer to comply with future prevention measures such as vaccinations.
Interview for vaccination with the owner
Vaccination is a medical procedure that requires an interview pre-vaccination to concentrate on the individual exposure level of CAT to pathogens prevented vaccines, the health status of cats and other specific information.
Apart from the origin of the cat/kitten, all other information must be collected on every occasion, because changes can take place at any time.Dogs and travel.Inimidal times the possibility of a change in the lifestyle of the cat must be checked during the following year.
The presence of immunocromous people (including the elderly and young children) in the household must be investigated. Ectoparasite prevention, and also some vaccines (eg the living vaccineBordetella BronchisepticaCa) is not recommended.
Finally, earlier side effects on vaccination must be recorded and considered in the decision -making process with regard to vaccination and the use of possible premedications in the future.
General information to be collected includes data on changes in appetite, water consumption, miction, nutrition (diet and rationing) and administration of regular antiparasitarian treatments (including endectocides) and the current and earlier health status of the cat to be aware of acute or chronic diseases.
However, the annual interview with health control is also an educational opportunity to increase the consciousness of the owner of the importance of an annual "health control" for prevention and early diagnosis of medical problems and to assess the need for vaccination.
Physical examination and laboratory tests
Physical examination, to ensure that cat vaccine is healthy and can respond to vaccination, is part of the annual health control.Registration of body weight for comparison with previous visits instead of a computer program that is simply updated to current status), temperature and blood pressure, among other things.
A complete number of blood, serum biochemistry and urine tests are at least indicated in adult and older cats.Inside Time, urine examination can also be included in the annual health control for younger cats who start one year old because of the good cost benefit (EG for early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease and the lower urinary tract disease of the cat) because of the fact that urine is available inInvasive sampling techniques (owners can easily be trained to collect a sample from the litter box with non -nest).HERand on cats immunodeficiency - virus infectionHER) and Anti-line Panleukopenia virus (FPV) Antibody tests to predict the level of protection that is present for FPV (see also ABCD guideline for vaccination and antibody testsHER).
A combined owner and veterinary decision on the vaccination protocol/plan required in the cat can be decided at the end of the consultation after obtaining the above results.
The vaccine
Vaccines are complex organic medical products.This available and often used in cats are one of the four main classes: modified vaccines of the living virus (MLV), inactivated, usually adjuvant full virus vaccines, vaccines of sub -unit and vector vaccines.RNA or DNA vaccines) are currently not available for cats, but the impressive success of the MRNA vaccines against COVID-19 will certainly lead to a new generation of cat vaccines based on this technology.
MLV vaccines contain infectious viruses that start to replicate in the cat after administration, which induces an immune response.Incapescent vaccines and sublor vaccines that only contain a structural protein (ie a "subtigious") of a virus particle are not infectious but interaction directly with immune cells.MOS -Indactivated Vaccins and Sub -Unit Vaccins mainly provide antibodies to the vaccincon components, MLVs and vector vaccines will initiate both humoral and cellular immunity, thereby anti -bodies and cytotoxic T cells aimed at the viral antigen.
A special adjustment of an MLV vaccine is a vector vaccine in which the immunodominant protein from a virus is expressed by a vector virus, for example the Canarypox virus.presented as aagainSynthetized protein for the immune cells.On an effective immune response, the virus virus must infect the cat, but the replication of the virus virus is blocked for a specific step in the viral replication cycle.
Although MLV vaccines and inactivated vaccines are in principle different, they are both vulnerable and generally need an intact cold chain for delivery.OC), men older than 0OC, required, and storage and temperature monitoring The best practice must be followed, seeHERThe unconscious freezing of Vaccinedop when they are transported with coolant packages.HER).
After reconstitution of lyophilized vaccines, some of these vaccines can quickly lose their immunogenity.Lesser extent for inactivated vaccines.
Even with the correct storage, vaccines can lose their immunogenity and may not be used after the expiry date indicated on the bottle or package.
If a vaccine dose is taken from a bottle that contains more than one dose, it must be guaranteed that the remaining vaccine doses in the vial are not contaminated by bacteria.Time is recommended multi-dose vaccines (multiple dose of caps) in general not for cats because of their higher risk of causing sarcoma at the injection site (FISS) (see also ABCD guideline for FISSHER).
The different vaccines companies often use different vaccines strains of a certain virus in their vaccines.
However, if multivalent vaccines with multiple antigens are used, the same vaccine combination must always be used for booster vaccination to ensure the maximum immune response on all components of the vaccine.
Vaccins can only be used if they have a permit due to the respective national or international body.In Europe this is this EMA (Agency for European Medicine) in Amsterdam or the associated national institution, such as the Paul-Ehrlich Institute in Germany.
The license only includes the original formulation of the vaccine.For the individual cat, and to leave other components away from a multivalent vaccine that is not required.
Administration of vaccine and after-growing measures
The vaccine must be permitted as room temperature prior to the administration..
A parenteral vaccine must be strictly subcutaneously;HER) or even intravenous administration must avoid.Place, as a tumor develops.On the site it is recommended to inject the vaccine distal into one leg, because amputation of the leg can be effective as a possible later treatment of the Cat of the cat (see also ABCD guided line for FissHER), because FISS tumors are very difficult to point and often repeated after resection.
If active vaccination for some reason (with the help of an MLV or inactivated vaccine) and Hyperimmune Serum must be applied simultaneously, the two components must be injected into different places.Do not make vaccine virus and the vaccine effective.
Owners must be informed about possible side effects and measures after vaccination (see also ABCD guideline for side effects in vaccinationHER).
In the short term, it is recommended to limit free outdoor cats grilles and to check them in the first 24 hours after vaccination administration.HER).
Vaccinations Documentation
The vaccination card gives the animal owner and veterinarian a summary of the animal's vaccination history and helps to define the need for re-vaccination in the individual cat.
It is also important to detect vaccination-relevant treatments or test results, such as immunosuppressive treatments or antibody status, all side effects and batch and expiry date of the vaccine used.
For cats traveling in Europe, PET -Pass is an official document that is mandatory according to EU guidelines 576/2013 and 577/2013, mainly to ensure that the cat can be identified and protected against rabies.
Cats must be identified by Identity Microchipping and the corresponding passport that can only be issued by authorized veterinarians.Authorized veterinarian, the cat must have been at least 12 weeks old on the date on which the rabies vaccine was administered and should have expired at least 21 days after the completion of the Rabies -vaccination protocol required by the manufacturer for primary vaccination and insideThe protective immunity period, which is generally three years old to recognize the vaccine.Protection formally defined.
Cats traveling to countries outside the EU must meet additional requirements for access to the respective countries.
Vaccination plan
See ABCD -Tool "Vaccine recommendations" for detailed information about recommended vaccine plans (seeHER).There are special information in the ABCD guidelines for "vaccination of immunocomromitated cats" (seeHER) and "Side effects on vaccination" (seeHER).
Conclusions
Cat vaccination is a valuable medical procedure and is a cornerstone of Cat Prevention Medicine.-Visit, increases the responsibility and role of the practitioner.
Recognition
ABCD Europe recognizes grateful support from Boehringer Ingelheim (founder of ABCD), Virbac, Idexx GmbH and MSD Animal Health.
References
Esch IS at EschS,HartmannK,BergmannM (2020): Compliance with dog and cat owners in preventive health care.Tierarzl Prax AUSG K KLONGIER.DOI: 10.1055/A-1241-3433.Pub 2020 October 21.
PorteMC,WalkerJ,ZitoS,DalA (2019): Cross-sectional study of pets, use of veterinary service and PET-related costs in New Zealand.n Z Vet J67 (6), 306-314.doi: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1645626
Lammin T, Korpivaara M, Suokko M, Aspgrén J, Palestini C, Total K (2021): Efficiency of a single dose of pregabaline on signs of cats during transport - a pilot examination.https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.711816
PereiraJS,SmellS,ClueIN,LavigneSt,RetailIf,Da Graça PereiraG (2016): Improving the consultation of the cat animals: use of Feliway spray to reduce cat stress.
Riemer St, Heritier C, Windschnures I, Pratsch L, Arhant CH, Affenzeller N (2021): An overview of soothing fears and aggression in dogs and cats in a veterinary /ANI110158
Rodan I, Sundahl E, Carney H, Gagnon A-C, Landsberg G, Seksel K, Yin S (2011): Aafp and ISFM Feline-friendly Handling guidelines.J Feline with Surg 13, 364–375.doi: 10.1016/J.JFMS.
SHU H, GU X (2021): Effect of a synthetic cat -face Feromon product on stress during transport in cattle: a randomized controlled pilot examination.doi.org/10.1177/1098612X211041305
Van HaaftenOfform)Eichstadt ForssytheLR,SetEa,BainMJ (2017): Effects of a single pre -function dose of gabapentin on signs of stress in cats during transport and veterinary study.J am Vet with Assoc 15; 251 (10), 1175-1181.doi: 10.2460/Javma.251.10.1175251;https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.251.10.1175
