Digestive system processes and regulation (2024)

learning goals

At the end of this part you can:

Discuss six basic activities in the digestive system, making it an example each
Compare and contrast the neural and hormonal checks involved in digestion

The digestive system uses mechanical and chemical activities to break down food in absorbable substances during its journey through the digestive system.

Visit this siteFor an overview of the digestion of food in different regions of the digestive tract.Record the route of non-fed power supplies of the small intestine as nutrients for the body.

Table 1. Functions in the digestive organs
Organ	Major functions	Other possibilities
Able to	Take food Chew and mix food Begins chemical breakdown of carbohydrates Moves crazy in the swallow Begins collapse of lipids via lingual lipase	Feeds and dissolves food so that you can taste it Cleans and lubricates the teeth and oral cavity Have some antimicrobial activity
Pharynx	Drives food from the oral cavity to the esophagus	Lubricate food and passages
Esophagus	Drives food to the stomach	Lubricate food and passages
Stomach	Blends and throwing food with gastric juice to form Chyme Starts chemical collapse of proteins Let food in the duodenum free as Chyme Absorb some fat -soluble substances (for example alcohol, aspirin) Possession of antimicrobial functions	Stimulates protein-digging enzymes Separates the inherent factor needed for vitamin B₁₂Absorption in the small intestine
Small intestine	Mixed Chyme with digestive juices Drives food for a speed that is slow enough for digestion and absorption Absorbs breakdown products from carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids together with vitamins, minerals and water Performs physical digestion through segmentation	Offers an optimal medium for enzymatic activity
Accessory organs	Lever: Producing bile salts emulsifying lipids help their digestion and absorption Gallbladder: shops, concentrates and leaves the bile free Pancreas: produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate	Bicarbonate Pancreas Juice helps to neutralize acid Chyme and offer an optimal environment for enzymatic activity
The colon	In addition, food residues are broken down Absorbs most remaining water, electrolytes and vitamins produced by enteric bacteria Floats flat to the rectum Eliminates faeces	MAD Residu is concentrated and temporarily stored before the stool Smart facilitates the passage of faeces through colon

Digestive processes

The distribution processes include six activities: intake, progress, mechanical or physical digesty, chemical digesty, absorption and stools.

The first of these processes,Intake, refers to the entry of food in the digestive tract through the mouth.The food and state that a suitable size of bolus is produced.

Figure 1. Peristaltis moves food through the digestive tract with changing waves of muscle contraction and relaxation.

See Also

Physiology, stomach

Food leaves the mouth when the tongue and throat muscles float in the esophagus.This act of swallow, the last volunteer campaign until stool is an example ofprogress, referring to the movement of food through the digestive tract.PeristalsisConsists of successive, changing waves of contraction and relaxation of all kinds of wall -purely muscles that work to drive food (Figure 1).Dis waves also play a role in mixing food with digestive juices. Peristaltis is so powerful that foods and liquids, you take, go into your stomach, even when you are on your head.

Digesty includes both mechanical and chemical processes.Mechanical digestionis a pure physical process that does not change the chemical nature of the food.Instead, the food makes less to increase both the surface and mobility.Chewing, or chew, as well as tongue movements that help divide food into smaller pieces and mix food with saliva.Also leave the mouth.The mechanical churn of food in the stomach serves to break it further apart and expose more of the surface to digestive juices, creating a sour "soup" called calledStomach.Segmentation, which mainly occurs in the small intestine, consists of localized contractions of circular muscles in the muscle layer of the digestive tract..

IChemische digestiaThe digestive fencing breaks into complex food molecules in their chemical building blocks (for example, proteins in individual amino acids) from the mouth.

Food that is broken down is of no value for the body unless it enters the bloodstream and its nutrients become working.This is done through the process withAbsorptionThat mainly take place in the small intestine.veins near the heart).

Istool, The final step of digestion, undigested materials are removed from the body like a faeces.

Aging and digestive system: from the oppression of appetite to constipation

Age -related changes in the digestive system start in the mouth and can influence almost any aspect of the digestive system.When you have lost your teeth, your gums are sick and your salivary glands do not produce enough saliva.The swallow can be difficult and slowly moves food through the digestive tract due to reduced strength and tone of the muscle tissue., who slows down the transfer of messages that stimulates the release of enzymes and hormones.

Pathologies that influence the digestive organs - such as hiatal hernia, gastritis and stomach ulcers - can occur with larger frequencies as you get older.influences the function of accessory organs - and their ability to supply pancreas senzymes and the bile to the small intestine - including jaundice, acute pancreatitis, cirros and gallstones.

In some cases, a single body is responsible for a digestive process.(Figure 2).

Figure 2. The digestive processes are intake, progress, mechanical digesty, chemical digesty, absorption and defecation.

Some chemical digestion takes place in the mouth.

Legal mechanisms

Neural and endocrine regulating mechanisms work to maintain the optimum conditions of lumen that is necessary for digestion and absorption.

Neural checks

The walls of the all -comparison channel contain a number of sensors that help regulate the digestive functions.Promotes the digestive process.

The walls of the very very very leptic channel are embedded with nerve places that interact with the central nervous system and other nerve plexuses - either in the same digestive body or in different ones.Short reflexes are orchestrated by inherent nerve plots within the all -sequential wall.digestive fencing.f.f. Initates the vision, odor and taste of food long reflexes starting with a sensory neuron that provides a signal to the Medulla oblongata., food initiates food that the stomach distributes, short reflexes that cause cells in the stomach wall to increase their secretion of digestive juices.

Hormonal controls

A number of hormones are involved in the digestive process.Accessory organs.Hormones produced by the duodenum bowel include Secretin, who stimulates a watery secretion of bicarbonate of the pancreas;Removes gastric secretion and braking stomach clothing and motility.

Chapter Review

The digestive system consumes and consumes food, absorbs released nutrients and separates food components that are indigestible.

Critical thinking

Offer a theory to explain why segmentation occurs and Peristaltis slows down in the small intestine.
It is a few hours since you last eaten.

Show answers

Dictionary

Absorption:Passage of digested products of intestinal lumen through mucous membrane cells and in the bloodstream or lactes

Chemische Digestie:Enzymatic collapse of food

Stomach mash:Soup fluid made when food is mixed with digestive juices

stool:Eliminating undigested substances from the body in the form of faeces

Intake:To make food in the GI channel through the mouth

Mastic:chewing

Mechanische Digestie:Chewing, mixing and segmentation that prepares food for chemical digestion

Peristalsis:Muscle contractions and relax that food floats through the GI channel

Progress:Voluntary process of swallowing and the involuntary process of Peristaltis that moves food through the digestive tract

Segmentation:Changing contractions and relaxations of non-boundary segments of the gut that move food ahead and backwards, break apart and mix with digestive juices